Hoffmann, Elina S., Karplus, Valerie J., Pistorius, P. Chris. "An Open-Source Framework for Evaluating the Cost and Greenhouse Gas Emission Impacts of Design Decisions in Hydrogen Direct Reduced Iron Production," AIST Transactions , Iron & Steel Technology , February 2026, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 196-211. DOI 10.33313/TR/0226. View the paper here

The findings of a recently published study by LEO member Dr. Elina Hoffmann, Dr. Valerie Karplus, and INDABA partner Dr. Chris Pistorius are discussed in this CMU news story by Monica Cooney, Communications Manager, Materials Science and Engineering, published January 20, 2026. The study "analyzes variations in operations across the global blast furnace fleet and its impact on CO 2 emissions, finding that emissions could have been reduced by as much as 9.6% globally and 15.

Hoffmann, Elina S., Karplus, Valerie J., Pistorius, Chris P. 2025. Heterogeneous operations and opportunities to reduce CO2 emissions in global blast furnace ironmaking. Environmental Research: Letters 21 024005. View the paper here